Military | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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  • Article

    Quebec City in the War of 1812

    Quebec City's strategic location on the ST LAWRENCE RIVER determined the nature of its development. In the age of sail, it held a dominant position as a port of entry and exit for ocean-going vessels.

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    https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Quebec City in the War of 1812
  • Article

    Quidi Vidi Battery

    The Quidi Vidi Battery was built in 1762 by the French. The French attacked the ST JOHN'S, Nfld, area in one of the last campaigns of the SEVEN YEARS' WAR, capturing and burning many settlements around Trinity and Conception bays. They then erected the battery to defend their newly won territory.

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    https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Quidi Vidi Battery
  • Article

    HMCS Rainbow

    His Majesty’s Canadian Ship (HMCS) Rainbow was an Apollo-class cruiser that was commissioned into Britain’s Royal Navy in 1893. In 1910, Britain sold the vessel to Canada, where it became one of the first two warships of the newly formed Naval Service of Canada. Rainbow served 10 years in the Canadian navy, including throughout the First World War. It was sold for scrap in 1920.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/HMS-Shearwater_HMCS-Rainbow.jpg HMCS Rainbow
  • Article

    RCAF Blackouts

    RCAF Blackouts. Entertainment troupe, one of several organized during World War II by air force personnel.

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    https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 RCAF Blackouts
  • Article

    Remembrance Day in Canada

    Remembrance Day is a yearly memorial day that is observed in many Commonwealth countries, including Canada, to remember those who died in military service, and honour those who served in wartime. It is observed across Canada each year on 11 November — the anniversary of the Armistice agreement of 1918 that ended the First World War. On Remembrance Day, public ceremonies and church services often include the playing of “Last Post,” a reading of the fourth stanza of the poem “For the Fallen,” and two minutes of silence at 11 a.m. Wreaths are laid at local war memorials and assemblies are held in schools. Millions of Canadians wear red poppy pins in the weeks leading up to and on 11 November in remembrance. In 2020 and 2021, Remembrance Day services and events were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Many events were either held online, cancelled or limited to a small number of participants due to fear of contagion.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/064a5591-1989-4fac-b81e-7bd9099c8053.jpg Remembrance Day in Canada
  • Article

    Remembrance Day Poppy

    The red poppy is a symbol of Remembrance Day that was inspired by the poem “In Flanders Fields,” written by Lieutenant-Colonel John McCrae. Canada officially adopted the poppy as a symbol of remembrance in 1921. Red poppy pins are sold by the Royal Canadian Legion and worn by millions of Canadians in the weeks leading up to and on 11 November.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/064a5591-1989-4fac-b81e-7bd9099c8053.jpg Remembrance Day Poppy
  • Editorial

    Andrew Mynarski's Thirteenth Mission

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/b05b4a40-de07-4dba-aca6-b02911771b6d.jpg Andrew Mynarski's Thirteenth Mission
  • Article

    Representing the Home Front: The Women of the Canadian War Memorials Fund

    While they may not have had access to the battlefields, a number of Canadian women artists made their mark on the visual culture of the First World War by representing the home front. First among these were the women affiliated with the Canadian War Memorials Fund, Canada’s first official war art program. Founded in 1916, the stated goal of the Fund was to provide “suitable Memorials in the form of Tablets, Oil-Paintings, etc. […], to the Canadian Heroes and Heroines in the War.” Expatriates Florence Carlyle and Caroline Armington participated in the program while overseas. Artists Henrietta Mabel May, Dorothy Stevens, Frances Loringand Florence Wyle were commissioned by the Fund to visually document the war effort in Canada.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/c5bd4814-1974-4a38-b0bf-006c4ec26687.jpg Representing the Home Front: The Women of the Canadian War Memorials Fund
  • Article

    Ross Rifle

    In the early 20th Century, the Ross rifle, a Canadian-made infantry rifle, was produced as an alternative to the British-made Lee-Enfield rifle. The Ross rifle was used during the First World War, where it gained a reputation as an unreliable weapon among Canadian soldiers. By 1916, the Ross had been mostly replaced by the Lee-Enfield.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/single_use_images/Ross_rifle.jpeg Ross Rifle
  • Article

    Royal Proclamation of 1763 (Plain-Language Summary)

    The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued after the British defeated the French at Québec City in 1759 and Montreal in 1760 (see Battle of the Plains of Abraham and Seven Years’ War). After those defeats, New France (1608-1763) was taken over by the British. The Proclamation brought the new Province of Quebec under British control.

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    https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Royal Proclamation of 1763 (Plain-Language Summary)
  • Article

    Second World War (WWII)

    The Second World War was a defining event in Canadian history, transforming a quiet country on the fringes of global affairs into a critical player in the 20th century's most important struggle. Canada carried out a vital role in the Battle of the Atlantic and the air war over Germany and contributed forces to the campaigns of western Europe beyond what might be expected of a small nation of then only 11 million people. Between 1939 and 1945 more than one million Canadian men and women served full-time in the armed services. More than 43,000 were killed. Despite the bloodshed, the war against Germany and the Axis powers reinvigorated Canada's industrial base, elevated the role of women in the economy, paved the way for Canada's membership in NATO, and left Canadians with a legacy of proud service and sacrifice embodied in names such as Dieppe, Hong Kong, Ortona and Juno Beach. (This is the full-length entry about the Second World War. For a plain-language summary, please see Second World War (Plain-Language Summary).)

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/e06cd521-88ae-4f9d-8950-02a0c45141f9.jpg Second World War (WWII)
  • Article

    Seven Years' War

    The Seven Years' War (1756–63) was the first global war, fought in Europe, India, America, and at sea. In North America, imperial rivals Britain and France struggled for supremacy. In the United States, the conflict is known as the French and Indian War. Early in the war, the French (aided by Canadian militia and Indigenous allies) defeated several British attacks and captured a number of British forts. In 1758, the tide turned when the British captured Louisbourg, followed by Quebec City in 1759 and Montreal in 1760. With the Treaty of Paris of 1763, France formally ceded Canada to the British. The Seven Years’ War therefore laid the bicultural foundations of modern Canada. This is the full-length entry about the Seven Years’ War. For a plain-language summary, please see Seven Years’ War (Plain-Language Summary).

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/JamesWolfe/Benjamin_West_DeathofGeneralWolfe.jpg Seven Years' War
  • Article

    Ships of the War of 1812

    The war on the water was an essential, if not the most important, aspect of the WAR OF 1812. Great Britain was obviously at a disadvantage geographically when trying to defend its colony Canada in a conflict with the United States.

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    https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Ships of the War of 1812
  • Article

    Siege of Fort Erie, War of 1812

    The siege of Fort Erie was a British blockade of their own fort located at the entrance to the Niagara River opposite Buffalo, New York, which the Americans had captured on 3 July 1814.

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    https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Siege of Fort Erie, War of 1812
  • Article

    Sinking of HMCS Esquimalt

    ​On the evening of 15 April 1945, the Canadian minesweeper HMCS Esquimalt set out from Halifax on an anti-submarine patrol around the harbour approaches.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/462169b7-3005-4458-85d7-605eb8f68e2d.jpg Sinking of HMCS Esquimalt