Government | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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  • Article

    Lieutenant-Governors of Prince Edward Island

    ​For more information on provincial politics see: Prince Edward Island. Lieutenant-Governors Term Antoinette Perry 2017-present H. Frank Lewis 2011-17 Barbara A. Hagerman 2006-11 J. Léonce Bernard 2001-06 Gilbert R. Clements 1995-2001 Marion L. Reid 1990-95 Lloyd McPhail 1985-90 Joseph A. Doiron 1980-85 Gordon L. Bennett 1974-80 J. George MacKay 1969-74 William J. Macdonald 1963-69 F.W. Hyndman 1958-63 T. William L. Prowse 1950-58 Joseph A. Bernard 1945-50 Bradford Lepage 1939-45 G. Des Brisay Deblois 1933-39 Charles...

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  • Article

    Lieutenant-Governors of Québec

    For more information on provincial politics see Québec. Lieutenant-Governors Term J. Michel Doyon 2015-present Pierre Duchesne 2007-15 Lise Thibault 1997-2007 Jean-Louis Roux 1996-1997 Martial Asselin 1990-96 Gilles Lamontagne 1984-90 Jean-Pierre Côté 1978-84 Hugues Lapointe 1966-78 Paul Comtois 1961-66 Onésime Gagnon 1958-61 Gaspard Fauteux 1950-58 Eugène Fiset 1939-50 Esioff-Léon Patenaude 1934-39 Henry George Carroll 1929-34 Sir Jean-Lomer Gouin 1929 Narcisse Perodeau 1924-29 Louis-Philippe Brodeur 1923-24 Sir Charles Fitzpatrick 1918-23 Pierre-Laurent LeBlanc 1915-18 François-Charles Langelier 1911-15 Charles-Alphonse...

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  • Article

    Lieutenant-Governors of Saskatchewan

    For more information on provincial politics see: Saskatchewan. Lieutenant-Governor Term W. Thomas Molloy 2018-present Vaughn Solomon Schofield 2012-18 Gordon L. Barnhart 2006-12 Lynda Maureen Haverstock 2000-06 John E. N. Wiebe 1994-2000 Sylvia Olga Fedoruk 1988-94 Fred W. Johnson 1983-88 Cameron Irwin McIntosh 1978-83 George Porteous 1976-78 Stephen Worobetz 1970-76 Robert Leith Hanbidge 1963-70 Frank Lindsay Bastedo 1958-63 William John Patterson 1951-58 John Michael Uhrich 1948-51 Reginald Marsden Parker 1945-48 Thomas Miller 1945 Archibald Peter McNab...

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  • Article

    Local Government

    Local government is the level of government below the provinces. The most important local governments are the MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS. Under the constitution, the provinces have exclusive jurisdiction over municipal affairs (see MUNICIPAL-PROVINCIAL RELATIONS).

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  • Article

    Mayor

    See MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT.

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  • Article

    Member of Parliament (MP)

    A member of Parliament (MP) is a person who is elected to represent a single federal electoral district (or “riding”) in the House of Commons. As elected representatives, MPs have three main duties: legislating in Parliament, representing their riding and political party, and serving their constituents. MPs occupy different roles and levels of influence. They hold office until Parliament is dissolved — typically four-year terms — and can be re-elected any number of times. Any Canadian citizen who is at least 18 years old on election day can run for office. Most MPs are elected as a member of a political party. Some campaign and sit as independents. There are currently 338 seats for MPs in the House of Commons.

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  • Article

    Member of Parliament (MP) (Plain-Language Summary)

    A member of Parliament (MP) is elected to represent a single district, or “riding,” in the House of Commons. MPs have three main duties: passing laws and crafting policies in Parliament, representing their riding and political party, and serving the people in their riding. MPs have different roles and levels of influence. They can be backbenchers, Cabinet ministers, opposition critics or the prime minister. They typically serve four-year terms. They hold office until Parliament is dissolved. They have no term limits and can be re-elected any number of times. The number of MPs changes every 10 years. There are currently 338 MPs. This article is a plain-language summary of member of Parliament (MP). If you are interested in reading about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry: Member of Parliament (MP).

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  • Article

    Metropolitan Government

    Metropolitan government is a form of REGIONAL GOVERNMENT. It may be used in urban centres with a population over 100 000, known in Canada as CENSUS METROPOLITAN AREAS (CMAs).

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  • Article

    Minority Governments in Canada

    A minority government exists when the governing party does not hold a majority of seats in the House of Commons (or provincial legislature) but is still able to command the confidence of the House. Minority governments also exist at the provincial level and in Yukon, but not in Northwest Territories or Nunavut, which do not have political parties and are governed by consensus governments.

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  • Article

    Municipal Administration

    The activities of locally elected municipal councils are administered by officials and employees organized into municipal public-service departments (see MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT).

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  • Article

    Municipal Finance

    Municipal finance is concerned with the revenues and expenditures of municipalities. Revenues are secured from local taxes (see TAXATION) and other local revenues and from provincial and federal grants.

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  • Article

    Municipal Government in Canada

    Municipal governments are local elected authorities. They include cities, towns and villages, and rural (county) or metropolitan municipalities. They are created by the provinces and territories to provide services that are best managed under local control; from waste disposal and public transit to fire services, policing, community centres and libraries. A municipal government’s revenue is raised largely from property taxes and provincial grants.

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  • Article

    Municipal-Provincial Relations

    Municipalities in Canada are similar to provincial governments in a number of important respects.

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  • Article

    National Energy Program

    The National Energy Program (NEP) was an energy policy of the government of Canada from 1980 through 1985. Its goal was to ensure that Canada could supply its own oil and gas needs by 1990. The NEP was initially popular with consumers and as a symbol of Canadian economic nationalism. However, private industry and some provincial governments opposed it. A federal-provincial deal resolved controversial parts of the NEP in 1981. Starting the next year, however, the program was dismantled in phases. Global economic conditions had changed such that the NEP was no longer considered necessary or useful. The development of the oil sands and offshore drilling, as well as the rise in Western alienation and the development of the modern Conservative Party of Canada, are all aspects of the NEP’s complicated legacy.

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  • Article

    National Policy (Plain-Language Summary)

    The National Policy was a protectionist policy. It was a main focus of the Conservative Party for decades. It began under Prime Minister John A. Macdonald. It continued under many of his successors. Under the policy, Canada imposed high tariffs (taxes) on imported goods. This shielded manufacturers in Canada from US competition. The policy was in effect from 1878 until the Second World War. This article is a plain-language summary of the National Policy. If you would like to read about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry: National Policy.

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