Diverse Communities | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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  • Article

    Suicide among Indigenous Peoples in Canada

    This article contains sensitive material that may not be suitable for all audiences. To reach the Canada Suicide Prevention Service, contact 1-833-456-4566. Suicide rates among First Nations, Métis and Inuit are consistently and significantly higher than the rate among non-Indigenous people in Canada. Suicide in these cases has multiple social and individual causes. Historical factors, including the effects of colonization and polices of assimilation, also affect rates of suicide among Indigenous peoples in Canada. Various Indigenous organizations aim to integrate Indigenous knowledge with evidence-informed approaches to prevent suicide.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/Twitter_Cards/Suicide Indigenous.jpg Suicide among Indigenous Peoples in Canada

  • Article

    Sun Dance

    The Sun Dance (also Sundance) is an annual sacred ceremony performed by several First Nations in the Prairies. (See also Plains Indigenous Peoples in Canada.) The Sun Dance reaffirms spiritual beliefs about the universe. The Sun Dance was forbidden under the Indian Act of 1895, but this ban was generally ignored and dropped from the Act in 1951. Some communities continue to celebrate the ceremony today. (See also Religion and Spirituality of Indigenous Peoples in Canada.)

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/bf293608-bfac-415a-be8f-332bcddffe1c.jpg Sun Dance

  • Article

    Sylliboy Case

    Mi’kmaq Grand Chief Gabriel Sylliboy is believed to be the first to use the 1752 Peace and Friendship Treaty to fight for Canada’s recognition of treaty rights. In his court case, R. v. Sylliboy (1928), he argued that the 1752 treaty protected his rights to hunt and fish, but he lost the case and was subsequently convicted. In 1985, when the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in R. v. Simon — another case concerning Mi’kmaq hunting rights — it found that the 1752 treaty did in fact give Mi’kmaq people the right to hunt on traditional territories. This judgment vindicated both Sylliboy and James Simon of the 1985 case. In 2017, almost 90 years after his conviction, Sylliboy received a posthumous pardon and apology from the Government of Nova Scotia.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/47dd689f-e49f-4d3f-830c-ad60dbca0a48.jpg Sylliboy Case

  • Article

    The 1969 Amendment and the (De)criminalization of Homosexuality

    From the earliest days of colonization to 1969, sodomy laws made sex between men illegal in Canada. In addition, a law enacted in 1892 made “gross indecency” between men illegal. This included anything that indicated same-sex attraction, including simple touching, dancing and kissing. The law was extended to women in 1953. In 1969, however, sodomy and gross indecency laws were changed, making such acts legal under some circumstances. The parties involved had to be 21 years of age or older and conduct their affairs in private. Sodomy and gross indecency remained illegal outside of the home or if three or more individuals were involved or present. Thus, Canada’s Criminal Code continued to equate homosexuality with criminal behaviour under many circumstances.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/6483ddf2-6bee-4d0b-a2b1-142ae795176c.jpg The 1969 Amendment and the (De)criminalization of Homosexuality

  • Article

    The Journey of Nishiyuu (The Journey of the People)

    Between 16 January and 25 March 2013, six Cree youths and their guide walked 1,600 km from Whapmagoostui First Nation, the northernmost Cree village in Quebec on Hudson Bay, to Parliament Hill in Ottawa in support of the Idle No More movement. They called the trek “The Journey of Nishiyuu,” which is Cree for “people.” Known as the Nishiyuu Walkers, the group attracted national media attention and inspired Indigenous youth to be the force of change in their lives and communities. (See also Indigenous Women Activists in Canada and Indigenous Political Organization and Activism in Canada.)

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/00339332-5ac9-4b3b-8578-b7200b7db6fc.jpg The Journey of Nishiyuu (The Journey of the People)

  • Article

    The New Canadian

    The New Canadian (1938–2001) was an English-language newspaper published by and for the Japanese Canadian community. Initially, the newspaper was founded as a forum for second-generation Japanese Canadians to express and foster their identity as English-speaking Canadians and to support a mission of “cultural, economic, and political assimilation.” (See also Canadian English; Languages in use in Canada.) The newspaper became the primary source of both English- and Japanese-language news for Japanese Canadians during their forced uprooting from the west coast in the 1940s (see Internment of Japanese Canadians). It continued to be published in the postwar years, with its English-language content shifting towards social and community news while its Japanese-language section grew in importance for pre-war and postwar Japanese immigrants. The newspaper was sold to Japan Communications in 1990 and its final edition was published in 2001.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/thenewcanadian/thenewcanadian.jpg The New Canadian

  • Interview

    No. 2 Construction Battalion and the Fight to Fight

    No. 2 Construction Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) — also known as the Black Battalion — was a segregated non-combatant unit during the First World War. It was the largest Black unit in Canadian military history. This is their story.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/6421f56d-9180-4137-ad07-62e0a47e8141.jpg No. 2 Construction Battalion and the Fight to Fight

  • Editorial

    The "Other" Métis

    In the interest of promoting a better understanding of the complex issue of Métis identity and how it is defined, The Canadian Encyclopedia has commissioned two opinion pieces exploring different perspectives on the topic. This article explores Métis identity from the perspective of Métis who do not have ancestral ties to the Red River Settlement. For another perspective on Métis identity, see Métis Are a People, Not a Historical Process. 

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/d5acb8a6-e170-4297-9cbf-a570c7237db3.jpg The "Other" Métis

  • Editorial

    The Road to Inclusion: Transgender Health Care in Canada

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/24478bd6-f253-477b-9a25-5061605c986c.jpg The Road to Inclusion: Transgender Health Care in Canada

  • Article

    Early Inuit (Thule Culture)

    Early Inuit groups from northern Alaska moved into the Eastern North American Arctic (i.e., Canada and Greenland) around 800 years ago (ca. 1200 CE). In roughly a century, some of these early Inuit groups rapidly migrated across what’s now the Northwest Territories, Nunavut and Greenland. By roughly the 15th century CE, early Inuit groups lived throughout the Eastern Arctic. The early Inuit are distinct from the Dorset and Pre-Dorset. Although where they lived slightly changed throughout time, these early Inuit represent the direct ancestors of Inuit today.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/1124de9a-74b2-4dfb-9f8a-f096ecccab6b.jpg Early Inuit (Thule Culture)

  • Article

    Toquaht

    The Toquaht (“people of the narrow beach”) are a Nuu-chah-nulth nation residing in western Barkley Sound, near the town of Ucluelet, on the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Toquaht First Nation is currently self-governing under the Maa-nulth treaty.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/eb9c5952-1797-40ce-935b-caa1f64feaf7.jpg Toquaht

  • Article

    Toronto and French Place Names

    Streets, avenues, roads and parks are named according to criteria set by the municipal council concerned. 

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/b8905984-938b-4199-bf9f-f2357238baa9.jpg Toronto and French Place Names

  • Article

    Toronto Bathhouse Raids (1981)

    On 5 February 1981, patrons of four bathhouses in downtown Toronto (The Barracks, The Club, Richmond Street Health Emporium, and Roman II Health and Recreation Spa) were surprised by 200 police officers in a series of coordinated raids, called “Operation Soap.” Law enforcement officials claimed the raids resulted from six months of undercover work into alleged sex work and other “indecent acts” at each establishment. Bathhouse patrons were subjected to excessive behaviour by police, including verbal taunts about their sexuality. When the night was over, 286 men were charged for being found in a common bawdy house (a brothel), while 20 were charged for operating a bawdy house. It was, up to that time, the largest single arrest in Toronto’s history. Most of those arrested were found innocent of the charges. The raids marked a turning point for Toronto’s gay community, as the protests that followed indicated they would no longer endure derogatory treatment from the police, media and the public.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/32471ae1-e9f8-441d-a023-398ffe1bc479.jpg Toronto Bathhouse Raids (1981)

  • Article

    Toronto Feature: Huron-Wendat Village

    This article is from our Toronto Feature series. Features from past programs are not updated.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/b26f0658-9c91-4722-b371-4bbe28799d26.jpg Toronto Feature: Huron-Wendat Village

  • Article

    Toronto Feature: Little Italy

    This article is from our Toronto Feature series. Features from past programs are not updated.

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    https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Toronto Feature: Little Italy