Nature & Geography | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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  • Article

    Rainbow

    A rainbow is a coloured arc that occurs when sunlight shines onto falling raindrops and is refracted, then reflected back towards the observer. In this process, each drop acts as a tiny prism, splitting the sun's rays (according to wavelength) into their component colours.

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  • Article

    Rainfall Extremes

    The amount of rain or snow that reaches the ground can vary dramatically on any particular given day, even over short distances. Many people have experienced a near-deluge of rain in their backyard, while at the same time their front yard or their neighbour's home remains quite dry.

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  • Article

    Rat

     Rat is a common name for certain mammals of order Rodentia, family Muridae.

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  • Article

    Rat Control in Alberta

    Rat control in Alberta is administered and co-ordinated by Alberta Agriculture and Food. It was established in 1950 to keep Alberta free of Norway rats (seeRAT), which were introduced to the east coast of North America in 1775

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  • Article

    Rattlesnake

    Rattlesnake is the common name for about 30 species of venomous, viperid snakes in the genera Crotalus and Sistrurus, found from southern Canada to South America. Three species of rattlesnake are found in Canada: the Western rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganous), the prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridus) and the Eastern massasauga rattlesnake (Sistrurus catenatus). Another species, the timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) is extirpated, meaning the species no longer exists in the wild in Canada, but lives elsewhere.

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  • Article

    Raven

    The raven is a large, black bird with a purplish lustre, belonging, like the crow, to the genus Corvus.

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  • Article

    Ray

    Description Rays are flattened dorsoventrally, the body appearing disclike. The pectoral fins are attached to the side of the head. The mouth, nostrils and 5 pairs of gill slits are located on the white lower surface. A pair of spiracles occurs on the upper surface behind the eyes.

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  • Article

    Red Fife Wheat

    Red Fife is a bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) variety that Dave Fife and family began to grow in 1842 at their farm in Peterborough, Ont. 

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  • Macleans

    Red River Flood

    This article was originally published in Maclean’s magazine on May 12, 1997. Partner content is not updated. The flood of the century, they have been calling it in Manitoba, an awesome demonstration of nature’s raw might.

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  • Article

    Reforestation

    Many people believe a new sapling must be planted to replace every tree that is harvested. In fact, the FOREST regenerates naturally. After logging, young shoots grow and develop quickly because they have more room and good exposure to sunlight.

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  • Article

    Reptile

    Reptiles are a group of vertebrate animals that, like mammals, produce an amniote egg, with extra-embryonic sacs for waste, yolk, and protection, and often possessing a shell, particularly if released by the female before development of the embryo is completed. DNA analysis has allowed comparison of the genes in common for living organisms and new fossils have augmented our knowledge of the sequence of appearance of many features. Combined, these lines of research have produced changes from classical classification in which birds were regarded as most closely related to mammals primarily because they are both endothermic (able to maintain an internal body temperature). Now it is believed that each evolved this feature independently and that birds are derived from dinosaurs. Today's reptiles represent 2 main lines: Parareptilia or Chelonia (turtles) and Eureptilia or Diapsida, which contains the Lepidosauria (Tuatara, lizards and snakes) and Archosuria (crocodilians and birds).

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  • Article

    Reserves in Saskatchewan

    Saskatchewan is home to at least 70 First Nations and various Métis communities. It contains 782 reserves, settlements and villages, many of which are located in the southern half of the province. Reserves in Saskatchewan were created between 1874 and 1906 by Treaties 2, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 10. As of 2016, 47.5 per cent of the province’s 114,570 self-identified First Nations peoples live on reserves, a percentage comparable to the province of Manitoba. Most of the remaining 47 per cent who reside off-reserve in Saskatchewan live in the cities of Saskatoon, Regina and Prince Albert.

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  • Article

    Reservoir

    Reservoirs, as discussed here, do not include any type of subsurface reservoir structure that stores water, natural gas or oil.

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  • Article

    Réservoir Gouin

    Réservoir Gouin, 1570 km2, elev 404 m, max length 102 km, average depth 5 m, is a collection of hundreds of small lakes containing innumerable islands in south-central Québec, equidistant from Ottawa, Montréal and Québec City.

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  • Article

    Manicouagan Reservoir

    The Manicouagan Reservoir, 1,942 km2, elevation 360 m, is located in southeastern Quebec, about 140 km from the Labrador border. The second-largest natural lake in Quebec, it was created by a meteorite millions of years ago. The name “Manicouagan” is possibly of Innu origin and might mean “where there is bark” (for canoe making). The lake appears on Jonathan Carver’s map of Quebec (1776) as Lake Asturagamicook, and is shown to be drained by the Manicouagan or Black River.

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