Politics & Law | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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  • Article

    Film Distribution in Canada

    Film distribution is one of the three main branches of the film industry. It provides the link between film production and exhibition. It is also the most profitable of the three sectors and is dominated by large multinational conglomerates. Film distribution companies supply movies, television programs, videos and new media to outlets such as cinemas and broadcasters. They do so in territories where they have acquired rights from the producers. Traditionally, distribution companies are the prime source for financing new productions. The distribution sector has been called “the invisible art.” Its practices tend to only concern industry insiders and go unnoticed by audiences. American companies dominate film distribution in Canada. They have controlled access to Canadian screens since the 1920s. (See also: Canadian Film History: 1896 to 1938.)

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  • Article

    Société des Fils de la liberté

    Founded in Montréal on 5 September 1837, the Société des Fils de la liberté was a paramilitary group affiliated with the Patriotes, formed in response to growing frustration among the Parti patriote and its supporters that political reform in Lower Canada was taking too long. Their aim was to support and protect the Patriotes. Borrowing their name from the American revolutionary secret society known as the Sons of Liberty, the group included some of the most important members of the party, including Louis-Joseph Papineau and Edmund Bailey O’Callaghan. In Montréal, the group was opposed by the English-speaking paramilitary group the Doric Club, which led to a violent confrontation on 6 November 1837. The group disbanded shortly afterwards and many of its members went on to participate in the Canadian Rebellion. 

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  • Article

    Finance Act

    Finance Act, August 1914, emergency measure ending Canada's GOLD STANDARD and giving the Department of Finance new powers.

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  • Article

    Finta Case

    In its first decision relating to the Finta war crimes case (1993), the Supreme Court of Canada permitted 3 interested groups to intervene - the Human Rights League of B'nai B'rith Canada, the Canadian Jewish Congress and InterAmicus.

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  • Article

    First Ministers Conferences

    First Ministers Conferences, gatherings of Canada's provincial premiers with the federal prime minister, a term that has overtaken the older "dominion-provincial" and "federal-provincial" usages.

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  • Macleans

    First Ministers Win Concessions

    The First Ministers had barely tucked into their beef consommé when Alberta Premier Ralph Klein began to denounce the federal government’s betrayal.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on December 22, 1997

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  • Article

    Fiscal Policy

    Fiscal policy is the use of government taxing and spending powers to manage the behaviour of the economy. Most fiscal policy is a balancing act between taxes, which tend to reduce economic activity, and spending, which tends to increase it — although there is debate among economists about the effectiveness of fiscal measures.

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  • Macleans

    Fish War Ends

    This article was originally published in Maclean’s magazine on April 24, 1995. Partner content is not updated. Even for a fish tale, the story had started to strain the bounds of credulity. Victory is at hand, federal Fisheries Minister Brian Tobin repeated like a mantra last week.

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  • Macleans

    Fisher Charged in Milgaard Case

    For Larry Fisher, being on the move was nothing new. Since his release from prison in 1994, the convicted serial rapist had been hounded out of Dawson Creek, B.C., Calgary and North Battleford, Sask. Last week, Saskatoon joined the list.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on August 4, 1997

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  • Article

    Fisheries Policy

    The challenge of fisheries policy is to preserve fish stocks while maximizing economic benefit to the people involved in the industry, to the communities that depend on it, and to the nation as a whole.

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  • Article

    Fisheries Research Board

    Until the transfer of its staff to the Department of the Environment in 1973 and its demise in 1979, the FRB was the principal federal research organization working on aquatic science and fisheries.

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  • Article

    The Great Flag Debate

    The long and often bitter debate over the new Canadian flag began in the House of Commons on 15 June 1964. It ended by closure on 15 December 1964. Feelings ran high among many English Canadians. Opposition leader John Diefenbaker demanded that the flag honour Canada’s “founding races” and feature the Union Jack. Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson insisted on a design that conveyed allegiance to Canada while avoiding colonial association. A prolonged, heated debate ensued. Historian Rick Archbold described it as “among the ugliest in the House of Commons history.” The new flag, designed by George Stanley with final touches by graphic artist Jacques Saint-Cyr, was approved on 15 December 1964 by a vote of 163 to 78. The royal proclamation was signed by Queen Elizabeth II on 28 January 1965. The national flag was officially unfurled on 15 February 1965. In 1996, February 15 was declared an annual National Flag of Canada Day.

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  • Article

    Food Insecurity in Canada

    Household food insecurity— the inadequate or insecure access to food due to financial constraints — is a serious public health problem in Canada. In 2017–18, 1 in 8 households were food insecure. This amounted to over 4.4 million Canadians. Of that number, 1.2 million were children under 18 years. While food banks are a well-known public response to food insecurity, most food insecure households do not use food banks and there is no evidence that food charity is a durable solution. There is wide consensus that governments need to act on food insecurity through income-based interventions. 

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  • Article

    Food Legislation

    Legislation designed to prevent the sale of unsafe or unwholesome food represents one of the oldest forms of governmental or societal intervention in the AGRICULTURE AND FOOD system.

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  • Article

    Ford Case

    In the Ford case (1988), the Supreme Court of Canada declared that sections 58 and 69 of the Charter of the French Language (Law 101), which required the exclusive use of French in commercial signs and the style of firm names, were incompatible with subsection 2(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and section 3 of the Québec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms. Freedom of expression included the freedom to choose the...

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