Politics & Law | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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  • Article

    Pennefather Treaties

    In the summer of 1859, Superintendent General of the Indian Department Richard T. Pennefather signed three separate but essentially identical treaties with Batchewana First Nation (Treaty 91 [A]), Garden River First Nation (Treaty 91 [B]) and Thessalon First Nation (Treaty 91 [C]). The three treaties were part of a series of land surrenders that occurred after the 1850 Robinson Treaties. The Pennefather treaties opened additional acres for settlement and resource exploitation. (See also Treaties with Indigenous Peoples in Canada.)

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  • Article

    People’s Party of Canada

    The People’s Party of Canada (PPC) was founded in September 2018 by Maxime Bernier a month after he left the Conservative Party.

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  • Article

    Percy Schmeiser

    Percy Schmeiser, farmer, business owner, Saskatchewan MLA 1967–71, politician (born 5 January 1931 in Bruno, SK; died 13 October 2020). Farmer Percy Schmeiser was mayor of Bruno, Saskatchewan, from 1963 to 1982 and MLA for the riding of Watrous from 1967 to 1971. He is best known as the defendant in Schmeiser v. Monsanto, which was argued all the way to the Supreme Court of Canada. Monsanto, an American agrochemicals corporation, accused Schmeiser of illegally using their patented genetically modified seeds. Schmeiser claimed they had simply blown onto his farm. He became a folk hero for his stand against a large agricultural corporation and against the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in agriculture. An advocate for environmental justice, farmers’ rights, and the right to save seeds, he received the Mahatma Gandhi Award and the Canadian Health Food Association Hall of Fame Award.

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  • Article

    Perjury

    A witness in a judicial proceeding who knowingly gives false evidence with intent to mislead the judge or jury commits the crime of perjury. If a person knowingly makes a false statement under oath outside a judicial proceeding, he or she would also be guilty of an offence.

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  • Article

    Permanent Joint Board on Defence

    The Permanent Joint Board on Defence is a Canadian-American advisory body established at Ogdensburg, NY, 18 August 1940, by PM Mackenzie King and US President F.D. Roosevelt.

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  • Article

    Persons Case

    The Persons Case (Edwards v. A.G. of Canada) was a constitutional ruling that established the right of women to be appointed to the Senate. The case was initiated by the Famous Five, a group of prominent women activists. In 1928, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that women were not “persons” according to the British North America Act (now called the Constitution Act, 1867). Therefore, they were ineligible for appointment to the Senate. However, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council reversed the Court’s decision on 18 October 1929. The Persons Case enabled women to work for change in both the House of Commons and the Senate. It also meant that women could no longer be denied rights based on a narrow interpretation of the law.

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  • Article

    Persons Case (Plain-Language Summary)

    The Persons Case was a constitutional ruling. It established the right of women to serve in the Senate. The case was started by the Famous Five. They were a group of women activists. In 1928, they objected to a Supreme Court of Canada ruling that women were not “persons.” As such, they were not allowed to serve in the Senate. The Famous Five challenged the law. In 1929, the decision was reversed. As a result, women were legally recognized as “persons.” They could no longer be denied rights based on a narrow reading of the law. (This article is a plain-language summary of the Persons Case. If you are interested in reading about this topic in more depth, please see the full-length entry.)

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  • Article

    Petitioning in Canada

    Petitioning is one of the most common tools of political protest accessible to the local population. Limited during the era of New France, the practice of collectively petitioning political authorities became much more frequent in the years following the Conquest by the British. Sanctioned in the 1689 Bill of Rights, petitioning had been a common practice in Britain for centuries, and ever since 1763, Canadians have been sending petitions to their governments (colonial, imperial, federal, provincial, and municipal) for a variety of reasons. With the recent introduction of e-petition, Canadians, more than ever, can have their voices heard in government.

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  • Article

    Population Settlement of New France

    Throughout the history of New France, soldiers and hired labourers (“engagés”) who crossed the Atlantic were the primary settlers in Canada. Those young servicemen and artisans, as well as the immigrant women who wished to get married, mainly hailed from the coastal and urban regions of France. Most of the colonists arrived before 1670 during the migratory flow which varied in times of war and prosperity. Afterwards, the population grew through Canadian births. On average, Canadian families had seven or eight children in the 17th century, and four to six children in the 18th century. As a result, the population of New France was 70,000 strong by the end of the French regime.

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  • Macleans

    Phone Scams' Canadian Connection

    This article was originally published in Maclean’s magazine on October 19, 1998. Partner content is not updated.

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  • Macleans

    Pickton Preliminary Hearing

    DAWN SANGRET, 19 years a resident of Port Coquitlam, B.C., arrives at the city's provincial court last week seeking answers. "I have my suspicions about a lot of things," she says.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on January 27, 2003

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  • Article

    Pipeline Debate, 1956

    The Pipeline Debate, 8 May-6 June 1956, was one of the most famous confrontations in Canadian parliamentary history.

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  • Article

    Piracy in Canada

    Piracy is traditionally defined as the seizure and robbery of craft at sea or in the air. Though piracy had only a small role in Canada’s history, it has been the subject of legendary tales over the years. Pirates traversed the Atlantic coast of the country during the 17th and 18th centuries, plundering and causing mayhem wherever they went. Stories about pirates like Peter Easton and Bartholomew Roberts remain a part of local histories. While maritime piracy is no longer a significant threat in Canada, it remains so in parts of Asia, Africa, South America and Central America. The Canadian Armed Forces have assisted in anti-piracy missions in various parts of the world. In the modern age, piracy has taken on new forms, such as virtual crime and digital theft. Online piracy poses threats to the Canadian people, industries and economy.

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  • Macleans

    Plan to Remake Canada

    The new Maritime quest for unity began during those achingly anxious hours when Quebecers counted their ballots and decided the fate of the entire country. As the tally in last October's referendum seesawed back and forth, Liberal MP George Rideout, a former mayor of Moncton, N.B.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on February 5, 1996

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  • Macleans

    Playing with fire

    How North Vancouver’s Rebecca Rubin landed in the crosshairs of the biggest eco-terrorism investigation in U.S. history, and spent 10 years on the run. Ken MacQueen on a tale of sabotage, conspiracy, violence and betrayal.

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